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  • 1 многотемная разработка

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > многотемная разработка

  • 2 examinar

    v.
    1 to examine.
    El científico examinó la evidencia The scientist examined the evidence.
    El médico examinó al paciente The doctor examined the patient.
    Ricardo examinó el libro Richard examined=perused the book.
    2 to interrogate.
    La policía examinó al testigo The police interrogated the witness.
    * * *
    1 (gen) to examine
    2 (investigar) to consider, inspect, go over
    1 to take an examination, sit an examination
    * * *
    verb
    •
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) [+ alumno] to examine
    2) [+ producto] to test
    3) [+ problema] to examine, study
    4) [+ paciente] to examine
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) <alumno/candidato> to examine
    2) (mirar detenidamente, estudiar) < objeto> to examine, inspect; <documento/proyecto/propuesta> to examine, study; <situación/caso> to study, consider; < enfermo> to examine
    2.
    examinarse v pron (Esp) to take an exam

    me examiné de latín — I had o took my Latin exam

    * * *
    = analyse [analyze, -USA], assess, discuss, examine, go over, look at, look into, overhaul, study, survey, probe into, offer + an account of, go through, vet, test, look over, check out, check up on, keep + tabs on, review, question, peruse, screen, probe.
    Ex. With a clear objective, the next step is to analyse the concepts that are present in a search.
    Ex. Without such guidelines each document would need to be assessed individually, and inconsistencies would be inevitable.
    Ex. This review also illustrates some of the issues which cataloguers have discussed over the years, and demonstrates other solutions to standards in cataloguing than those embodied in modern cataloguing codes.
    Ex. The article 'Home schoolers: a forgotten clientele?' examines ways in which the library can support parents and children in the home schooling situation.
    Ex. The person assigned as coach goes over the work of the new abstractor, makes editorial changes, and discusses these changes with the new man.
    Ex. This article looks at three interrelated issues regarding on-line services based on the recent literature.
    Ex. The main concern is to look into current use of, and interest in, electronic information services, and also to gauge opinion on setting up a data base concerned solely with development issues.
    Ex. It is difficult to overhaul the basic structure of an enumerative scheme without complete revision of sections of the scheme.
    Ex. Each of the binders is portable and can be separately studied.
    Ex. Chapters 7 and 8 introduced the problems associated with author cataloguing and have surveyed the purpose of cataloguing codes.
    Ex. If one probes more deeply into the question of truth and falsehood, one gets into difficult philosophical issues, which we prefer to leave to others.
    Ex. This article offers an account of the processes shaping the professionalisation of college and research librarianship within the framework of 4 contemporary sociological theories.
    Ex. I believe Mr. Freedman hired about 11 student assistants to go through this intentionally dirty file and clean it up.
    Ex. All three types of material, when first received by DG XIII, are submitted to the Technological Information and Patents Division of DG XIII in order to vet items for possible patentable inventions.
    Ex. Inmate library workers often test a new librarian, but once he or she has passed the test, they usually become very protective and staunch promoters of the library.
    Ex. It would be of enormous help to us if you could put a few things together for us to look over.
    Ex. Where problems do arise it is sensible to check out the training programme before blaming the assistant for poor performance of duties.
    Ex. The physical effort of keeping tabs on people as well as the distasteful practice of checking up on staff output achieves nothing and may do considerable damage.
    Ex. The physical effort of keeping tabs on people as well as the distasteful practice of checking up on staff output achieves nothing and may do considerable damage.
    Ex. There is only space to review briefly the special problems associated with the descriptive cataloguing of nonbook materials.
    Ex. If this appears to be excessively difficult, maybe it is time to question whether the tool is too complex.
    Ex. A summary differs from an abstract in that it assumes that the reader will have the opportunity to peruse the accompanying text.
    Ex. Employers should take a preventive role in protecting women's general health, for example, screening women workers for cervical cancer.
    Ex. The librarian sometimes must probe to discover the context of the question and to be able to discuss various possible approaches and explore their merits.
    ----
    * al examinar Algo de cerca = on closer examination, on closer inspection.
    * examinar cómo = look at + ways in which.
    * examinar detenidamente = scrutinise [scrutinize, -USA], put + Nombre + under the spotlight, bring + Nombre + under the spotlight.
    * examinar el modo de = examine + way.
    * examinar el papel de Algo = investigate + role.
    * examinar la función de Algo = investigate + role.
    * examinar la posibilidad de (que) = examine + the possibility that/of.
    * examinar los conocimientos = test + knowledge.
    * examinar más detenidamente = look + closer, take + a closer look at, take + a close look.
    * examinar más minuciosamente = examine + in greater detail.
    * examinar minuciosamente = pull apart.
    * examinar + Posesivo + conciencia = search + Posesivo + conscience.
    * examinar rápidamente = scan.
    * examinar un tema = explore + theme.
    * sin examinar = unexamined.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) <alumno/candidato> to examine
    2) (mirar detenidamente, estudiar) < objeto> to examine, inspect; <documento/proyecto/propuesta> to examine, study; <situación/caso> to study, consider; < enfermo> to examine
    2.
    examinarse v pron (Esp) to take an exam

    me examiné de latín — I had o took my Latin exam

    * * *
    = analyse [analyze, -USA], assess, discuss, examine, go over, look at, look into, overhaul, study, survey, probe into, offer + an account of, go through, vet, test, look over, check out, check up on, keep + tabs on, review, question, peruse, screen, probe.

    Ex: With a clear objective, the next step is to analyse the concepts that are present in a search.

    Ex: Without such guidelines each document would need to be assessed individually, and inconsistencies would be inevitable.
    Ex: This review also illustrates some of the issues which cataloguers have discussed over the years, and demonstrates other solutions to standards in cataloguing than those embodied in modern cataloguing codes.
    Ex: The article 'Home schoolers: a forgotten clientele?' examines ways in which the library can support parents and children in the home schooling situation.
    Ex: The person assigned as coach goes over the work of the new abstractor, makes editorial changes, and discusses these changes with the new man.
    Ex: This article looks at three interrelated issues regarding on-line services based on the recent literature.
    Ex: The main concern is to look into current use of, and interest in, electronic information services, and also to gauge opinion on setting up a data base concerned solely with development issues.
    Ex: It is difficult to overhaul the basic structure of an enumerative scheme without complete revision of sections of the scheme.
    Ex: Each of the binders is portable and can be separately studied.
    Ex: Chapters 7 and 8 introduced the problems associated with author cataloguing and have surveyed the purpose of cataloguing codes.
    Ex: If one probes more deeply into the question of truth and falsehood, one gets into difficult philosophical issues, which we prefer to leave to others.
    Ex: This article offers an account of the processes shaping the professionalisation of college and research librarianship within the framework of 4 contemporary sociological theories.
    Ex: I believe Mr. Freedman hired about 11 student assistants to go through this intentionally dirty file and clean it up.
    Ex: All three types of material, when first received by DG XIII, are submitted to the Technological Information and Patents Division of DG XIII in order to vet items for possible patentable inventions.
    Ex: Inmate library workers often test a new librarian, but once he or she has passed the test, they usually become very protective and staunch promoters of the library.
    Ex: It would be of enormous help to us if you could put a few things together for us to look over.
    Ex: Where problems do arise it is sensible to check out the training programme before blaming the assistant for poor performance of duties.
    Ex: The physical effort of keeping tabs on people as well as the distasteful practice of checking up on staff output achieves nothing and may do considerable damage.
    Ex: The physical effort of keeping tabs on people as well as the distasteful practice of checking up on staff output achieves nothing and may do considerable damage.
    Ex: There is only space to review briefly the special problems associated with the descriptive cataloguing of nonbook materials.
    Ex: If this appears to be excessively difficult, maybe it is time to question whether the tool is too complex.
    Ex: A summary differs from an abstract in that it assumes that the reader will have the opportunity to peruse the accompanying text.
    Ex: Employers should take a preventive role in protecting women's general health, for example, screening women workers for cervical cancer.
    Ex: The librarian sometimes must probe to discover the context of the question and to be able to discuss various possible approaches and explore their merits.
    * al examinar Algo de cerca = on closer examination, on closer inspection.
    * examinar cómo = look at + ways in which.
    * examinar detenidamente = scrutinise [scrutinize, -USA], put + Nombre + under the spotlight, bring + Nombre + under the spotlight.
    * examinar el modo de = examine + way.
    * examinar el papel de Algo = investigate + role.
    * examinar la función de Algo = investigate + role.
    * examinar la posibilidad de (que) = examine + the possibility that/of.
    * examinar los conocimientos = test + knowledge.
    * examinar más detenidamente = look + closer, take + a closer look at, take + a close look.
    * examinar más minuciosamente = examine + in greater detail.
    * examinar minuciosamente = pull apart.
    * examinar + Posesivo + conciencia = search + Posesivo + conscience.
    * examinar rápidamente = scan.
    * examinar un tema = explore + theme.
    * sin examinar = unexamined.

    * * *
    examinar [A1 ]
    vt
    A ‹alumno/candidato› to examine
    B (mirar detenidamente, estudiar)
    1 ‹objeto› to examine, inspect; ‹contrato/documento› to examine, study
    2 ‹situación/caso› to study, consider; ‹proyecto/propuesta› to study, examine
    3 ‹paciente/enfermo› to examine
    ( Esp) to take o ( BrE) sit an exam
    ayer nos examinamos de latín we had o took o ( BrE) sat our Latin exam yesterday
    * * *

    Multiple Entries:
    examinar    
    examinar algo
    examinar ( conjugate examinar) verbo transitivo
    to examine;
    ‹situación/caso› to study, consider
    examinarse verbo pronominal (Esp) to take an exam
    examinar verbo transitivo to examine: quisiera examinar las pruebas detenidamente, I'd like to thoroughly examine the evidence
    ' examinar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    mirar
    - pensar
    - tantear
    - analizar
    - escudriñar
    - ver
    English:
    examine
    - inspect
    - look into
    - look over
    - paper
    - reassess
    - review
    - scrutinize
    - search
    - see into
    - study
    - test
    - trace
    - view
    - look
    - peruse
    - reexamine
    - survey
    - vet
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [alumno] to examine
    2. [analizar] to examine;
    examinó detenidamente el arma he examined the weapon carefully;
    examinaremos su caso we shall examine her case;
    tienes que ir al médico a que te examine you must go and get the doctor to examine you
    * * *
    v/t examine
    * * *
    1) : to examine
    2) inspeccionar: to inspect
    * * *
    examinar vb to examine

    Spanish-English dictionary > examinar

  • 3 motivo

    m.
    1 reason, cause (causa).
    dar motivo a to give reason to
    no ser motivo para to be no reason to o for
    tener motivos para to have reason to
    sin motivo for no reason
    motivo de queja ground o grounds for complaint
    2 motif (art, lit & music).
    3 motive, reason, cause, ground.
    4 theme, motif.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: motivar.
    * * *
    1 motive, reason, cause, grounds plural
    2 (de dibujo, música) motif, leitmotif
    \
    bajo ningún motivo under no circumstances
    con motivo de (debido a) owing to 2 (en ocasión de) on the occasion of
    dar motivo a to give rise to
    sin motivo for no apparent reason
    tener motivos para... to have reason to...
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    1. SM
    1) (=causa) reason

    con este o tal motivo — for this reason

    con motivo de — (=debido a) because of, owing to; (=en ocasión de) on the occasion of

    con motivo de nuestra boda le invitamos a... — on the occasion of our wedding we invite you to...

    • motivo de, me dio motivo de preocupación — it gave me cause for concern

    • sin motivo — for no reason, without good reason

    • ser motivo sobrado o suficiente, es motivo suficiente o sobrado para seguir votándolo — that's reason enough to continue voting for him, that's all the more reason to continue voting for him

    hay suficientes o sobrados motivos para odiarlo — there are more than enough reasons for hating him

    2) (=móvil) motive

    ¿cuál fue el motivo del crimen? — what was the motive for the crime?

    3) (Arte, Mús) motif
    2.
    ADJ motive
    * * *
    1)
    a) (razón, causa) reason, cause

    el motivo de su viaje/del accidente — the reason for her trip/the cause of the accident

    que sea un motivo! — (Col fam) let's drink to that! (colloq)

    b) (propósito, finalidad) reason, purpose

    ¿con qué motivo se convocó la reunión? — what was the purpose of calling the meeting?

    el motivo de esta carta es... — the purpose of this letter is...

    2) (Art, Lit, Mús) motif
    * * *
    = cause, ground, motive, reason, peg, motif, trigger.
    Ex. The commandment KOLN see COLOGNE should be sufficient cause for the rejection of the illicit proposal to establish OPERA -- KOLN.
    Ex. I think there are grounds for dispute on certain terms.
    Ex. Other title information is any title borne by an item indicative of the character, contents, etc. of the item or the motives for, or occasion of, its production or publication.
    Ex. The reason for its popularity was largely that it was based upon a principle of conformity in essentials, and freedom in details.
    Ex. The concepts currently being floated by UNESCO are such as will make convenient pegs to hang pleas for resources for bibliographic and library development to national governments.
    Ex. Two pre-coordinated approaches have been used for the indexing of motif and subject content.
    Ex. They will however always have some kind of springboard or trigger which has led to their question, and we can work forwards from this.
    ----
    * con motivo de = on the occasion of.
    * hay suficientes motivos para pensar que = there + be + every reason to think that.
    * los motivos de = the reason behind, the thinking behind, the reasoning behind, the idea behind.
    * motivo de alarma = cause for alarm.
    * motivo de irritación = pet peeve.
    * motivo de preocupación = cause for alarm, cause for concern, cause of concern.
    * motivo de queja = pet peeve.
    * motivo de risa = a laughing matter.
    * motivo + estar en = reason + lie in.
    * motivo ornamental = motif, decorative motif.
    * motivo principal = prime cause.
    * motivos = grounds.
    * no ser motivo de risa = be no laughing matter.
    * por algún motivo = for whatever reason.
    * por cualquier motivo = for whatever reason.
    * por este motivo = for this reason.
    * por los siguientes motivos = on the following counts.
    * por motivo de = in the interest(s) of.
    * por motivos de = for the sake of, on grounds.
    * por motivos de + Nombre = for + Nombre's sake.
    * por varios motivos = for a number of reasons.
    * ser motivo de preocupación = loom + large.
    * sin motivo alguno = wantonly.
    * sin motivo aparente = for no apparent reason, for apparently no reason.
    * sin motivo justificado = without justified reason.
    * sin ningún motivo = for no reason, for no specific reason, for no particular reason, for no good reason.
    * sin ningún otro motivo = (just) for the hell of (doing) it.
    * tener como motivo central = plan around + Nombre.
    * tener motivo = be right.
    * tener motivo justificado = have + good cause.
    * tener motivo para = have + cause to.
    * ver el motivo de Algo = glean + the reason for.
    * viaje por motivos académicos = study trip.
    * visita por motivos de investigación = research trip, research visit.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (razón, causa) reason, cause

    el motivo de su viaje/del accidente — the reason for her trip/the cause of the accident

    que sea un motivo! — (Col fam) let's drink to that! (colloq)

    b) (propósito, finalidad) reason, purpose

    ¿con qué motivo se convocó la reunión? — what was the purpose of calling the meeting?

    el motivo de esta carta es... — the purpose of this letter is...

    2) (Art, Lit, Mús) motif
    * * *
    = cause, ground, motive, reason, peg, motif, trigger.

    Ex: The commandment KOLN see COLOGNE should be sufficient cause for the rejection of the illicit proposal to establish OPERA -- KOLN.

    Ex: I think there are grounds for dispute on certain terms.
    Ex: Other title information is any title borne by an item indicative of the character, contents, etc. of the item or the motives for, or occasion of, its production or publication.
    Ex: The reason for its popularity was largely that it was based upon a principle of conformity in essentials, and freedom in details.
    Ex: The concepts currently being floated by UNESCO are such as will make convenient pegs to hang pleas for resources for bibliographic and library development to national governments.
    Ex: Two pre-coordinated approaches have been used for the indexing of motif and subject content.
    Ex: They will however always have some kind of springboard or trigger which has led to their question, and we can work forwards from this.
    * con motivo de = on the occasion of.
    * hay suficientes motivos para pensar que = there + be + every reason to think that.
    * los motivos de = the reason behind, the thinking behind, the reasoning behind, the idea behind.
    * motivo de alarma = cause for alarm.
    * motivo de irritación = pet peeve.
    * motivo de preocupación = cause for alarm, cause for concern, cause of concern.
    * motivo de queja = pet peeve.
    * motivo de risa = a laughing matter.
    * motivo + estar en = reason + lie in.
    * motivo ornamental = motif, decorative motif.
    * motivo principal = prime cause.
    * motivos = grounds.
    * no ser motivo de risa = be no laughing matter.
    * por algún motivo = for whatever reason.
    * por cualquier motivo = for whatever reason.
    * por este motivo = for this reason.
    * por los siguientes motivos = on the following counts.
    * por motivo de = in the interest(s) of.
    * por motivos de = for the sake of, on grounds.
    * por motivos de + Nombre = for + Nombre's sake.
    * por varios motivos = for a number of reasons.
    * ser motivo de preocupación = loom + large.
    * sin motivo alguno = wantonly.
    * sin motivo aparente = for no apparent reason, for apparently no reason.
    * sin motivo justificado = without justified reason.
    * sin ningún motivo = for no reason, for no specific reason, for no particular reason, for no good reason.
    * sin ningún otro motivo = (just) for the hell of (doing) it.
    * tener como motivo central = plan around + Nombre.
    * tener motivo = be right.
    * tener motivo justificado = have + good cause.
    * tener motivo para = have + cause to.
    * ver el motivo de Algo = glean + the reason for.
    * viaje por motivos académicos = study trip.
    * visita por motivos de investigación = research trip, research visit.

    * * *
    A
    (causa): no le des motivos para que se queje de ti don't give him cause to complain about you
    si se ha decidido a marcharse, sus motivos tendrá she must have her reasons for deciding to leave
    éste es el verdadero motivo de su viaje this is the real reason for o purpose of her trip
    por este motivo nos hallamos aquí reunidos that's why we're gathered here
    sin ningún motivo for no reason at all
    el adulterio es motivo suficiente de divorcio adultery is sufficient grounds for divorce
    este hecho no debe ser motivo de preocupación the fact that this has happened should not be cause o give any cause for concern
    por motivos personales for personal reasons
    habíamos empezado a sospechar de sus motivos we had begun to suspect his motives
    con motivo del centenario se celebrará una importante exposición there will be an important exhibition for o to mark the centenary
    con motivo de su toma de posesión to mark (the occasion of) his inauguration
    se aumentaron las medidas de seguridad con motivo de su visita security measures were stepped up for his visit
    ¡que sea un motivo! ( Col fam); let's drink to that! ( colloq)
    B
    1 ( Art, Lit, Mús) motif
    el paisaje es un motivo recurrente en los impresionistas landscapes are a recurring motif in the work of the Impressionists
    motivos ornamentales or decorativos ornamental o decorative motifs
    * * *

     

    Del verbo motivar: ( conjugate motivar)

    motivo es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    motivó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    motivar    
    motivo
    motivar ( conjugate motivar) verbo transitivo
    1 ( en general) to motivate;

    ¿qué te motivó a hacerlo? what made you do it?
    2 ( causar) to bring about, cause
    motivo sustantivo masculino
    1
    a) (razón, causa) reason, cause;


    por este motivo nos hallamos aquí that's (the reason) why we're here;
    con motivo de algo on the occasion of sth;
    no des motivos para que te critiquen don't give them cause to criticize you;
    hay motivos para preocuparse there is cause for concern;
    el adulterio es motivo suficiente de divorcio adultery is sufficient grounds for divorce;
    sin ningún motivo for no reason at all;
    ¡que sea un motivo! (Col fam) let's drink to that! (colloq)
    b) (propósito, finalidad) purpose;

    ◊ el motivo de esta carta es … the purpose of this letter is …

    2 (Art, Lit, Mús) motif;

    motivar verbo transitivo
    1 (provocar) to cause
    2 (animar) to motivate
    motivo sustantivo masculino
    1 (causa) reason: no tienes motivos para sospechar, you have no grounds for suspicion
    organizaron una fiesta con motivo de su aniversario, they had a party on the occasion of their anniversary
    sin motivo, for no reason at all
    2 Arte Mús motif, leitmotif
    ' motivo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    alguna
    - alguno
    - aparente
    - base
    - causa
    - interesar
    - lugar
    - para
    - por
    - razón
    - valer
    - concreto
    - cual
    - motivación
    - motivar
    - obedecer
    - tema
    - vergüenza
    English:
    about
    - call
    - cause
    - deduce
    - for
    - get at
    - grievance
    - ground
    - motif
    - motive
    - occasion
    - ostensible
    - out of
    - over
    - real
    - reason
    - search out
    - suicide note
    - ulterior
    - whatever
    - why
    - apparent
    - design
    - laughing
    - motivation
    - shower
    * * *
    motivo nm
    1. [causa] reason (de for); [de crimen] motive (de for);
    la situación económica se ha vuelto a convertir en motivo de preocupación the economy has once again become a cause for concern;
    el éxito de la misión es motivo de orgullo para todos nosotros the success of the mission is a reason for all of us to be proud;
    se retiró por motivos personales she withdrew for personal reasons;
    con motivo de [por causa de] because of;
    [para celebrar] on the occasion of; [con el fin de] in order to;
    las fiestas con motivo del V centenario the celebrations to mark the 500th anniversary o on the occasion of the 500th anniversary;
    con mayor motivo even more so;
    dar motivo a to give reason to;
    no ser motivo para to be no reason to o for;
    por motivo de because of;
    tener motivos para to have reason to;
    tiene un buen motivo para no acudir porque va a estar su ex mujer he has good reason for not coming because his ex-wife is going to be there;
    sin motivo for no reason
    2. [melodía] motif
    3. [dibujo, figura] motif;
    un motivo decorativo o [m5] ornamental a decorative motif
    4. Chile
    motivos finickiness
    * * *
    m
    1 motive, reason;
    por motivos de salud for health reasons;
    sin motivo for no reason at all;
    con motivo de because of;
    con motivo de la visita on the occasion of the visit
    2 MÚS, PINT motif
    * * *
    motivo nm
    1) móvil: motive
    2) causa: cause, reason
    3) tema: theme, motif
    * * *
    motivo n reason

    Spanish-English dictionary > motivo

  • 4 Creativity

       Put in this bald way, these aims sound utopian. How utopian they areor rather, how imminent their realization-depends on how broadly or narrowly we interpret the term "creative." If we are willing to regard all human complex problem solving as creative, then-as we will point out-successful programs for problem solving mechanisms that simulate human problem solvers already exist, and a number of their general characteristics are known. If we reserve the term "creative" for activities like discovery of the special theory of relativity or the composition of Beethoven's Seventh Symphony, then no example of a creative mechanism exists at the present time. (Simon, 1979, pp. 144-145)
       Among the questions that can now be given preliminary answers in computational terms are the following: how can ideas from very different sources be spontaneously thought of together? how can two ideas be merged to produce a new structure, which shows the influence of both ancestor ideas without being a mere "cut-and-paste" combination? how can the mind be "primed," so that one will more easily notice serendipitous ideas? why may someone notice-and remember-something fairly uninteresting, if it occurs in an interesting context? how can a brief phrase conjure up an entire melody from memory? and how can we accept two ideas as similar ("love" and "prove" as rhyming, for instance) in respect of a feature not identical in both? The features of connectionist AI models that suggest answers to these questions are their powers of pattern completion, graceful degradation, sensitization, multiple constraint satisfaction, and "best-fit" equilibration.... Here, the important point is that the unconscious, "insightful," associative aspects of creativity can be explained-in outline, at least-by AI methods. (Boden, 1996, p. 273)
       There thus appears to be an underlying similarity in the process involved in creative innovation and social independence, with common traits and postures required for expression of both behaviors. The difference is one of product-literary, musical, artistic, theoretical products on the one hand, opinions on the other-rather than one of process. In both instances the individual must believe that his perceptions are meaningful and valid and be willing to rely upon his own interpretations. He must trust himself sufficiently that even when persons express opinions counter to his own he can proceed on the basis of his own perceptions and convictions. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 58)
       he average level of ego strength and emotional stability is noticeably higher among creative geniuses than among the general population, though it is possibly lower than among men of comparable intelligence and education who go into administrative and similar positions. High anxiety and excitability appear common (e.g. Priestley, Darwin, Kepler) but full-blown neurosis is quite rare. (Cattell & Butcher, 1970, p. 315)
       he insight that is supposed to be required for such work as discovery turns out to be synonymous with the familiar process of recognition; and other terms commonly used in the discussion of creative work-such terms as "judgment," "creativity," or even "genius"-appear to be wholly dispensable or to be definable, as insight is, in terms of mundane and well-understood concepts. (Simon, 1989, p. 376)
       From the sketch material still in existence, from the condition of the fragments, and from the autographs themselves we can draw definite conclusions about Mozart's creative process. To invent musical ideas he did not need any stimulation; they came to his mind "ready-made" and in polished form. In contrast to Beethoven, who made numerous attempts at shaping his musical ideas until he found the definitive formulation of a theme, Mozart's first inspiration has the stamp of finality. Any Mozart theme has completeness and unity; as a phenomenon it is a Gestalt. (Herzmann, 1964, p. 28)
       Great artists enlarge the limits of one's perception. Looking at the world through the eyes of Rembrandt or Tolstoy makes one able to perceive aspects of truth about the world which one could not have achieved without their aid. Freud believed that science was adaptive because it facilitated mastery of the external world; but was it not the case that many scientific theories, like works of art, also originated in phantasy? Certainly, reading accounts of scientific discovery by men of the calibre of Einstein compelled me to conclude that phantasy was not merely escapist, but a way of reaching new insights concerning the nature of reality. Scientific hypotheses require proof; works of art do not. Both are concerned with creating order, with making sense out of the world and our experience of it. (Storr, 1993, p. xii)
       The importance of self-esteem for creative expression appears to be almost beyond disproof. Without a high regard for himself the individual who is working in the frontiers of his field cannot trust himself to discriminate between the trivial and the significant. Without trust in his own powers the person seeking improved solutions or alternative theories has no basis for distinguishing the significant and profound innovation from the one that is merely different.... An essential component of the creative process, whether it be analysis, synthesis, or the development of a new perspective or more comprehensive theory, is the conviction that one's judgment in interpreting the events is to be trusted. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 59)
       In the daily stream of thought these four different stages [preparation; incubation; illumination or inspiration; and verification] constantly overlap each other as we explore different problems. An economist reading a Blue Book, a physiologist watching an experiment, or a business man going through his morning's letters, may at the same time be "incubating" on a problem which he proposed to himself a few days ago, be accumulating knowledge in "preparation" for a second problem, and be "verifying" his conclusions to a third problem. Even in exploring the same problem, the mind may be unconsciously incubating on one aspect of it, while it is consciously employed in preparing for or verifying another aspect. (Wallas, 1926, p. 81)
       he basic, bisociative pattern of the creative synthesis [is] the sudden interlocking of two previously unrelated skills, or matrices of thought. (Koestler, 1964, p. 121)
        11) The Earliest Stages in the Creative Process Involve a Commerce with Disorder
       Even to the creator himself, the earliest effort may seem to involve a commerce with disorder. For the creative order, which is an extension of life, is not an elaboration of the established, but a movement beyond the established, or at least a reorganization of it and often of elements not included in it. The first need is therefore to transcend the old order. Before any new order can be defined, the absolute power of the established, the hold upon us of what we know and are, must be broken. New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive that world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." (Ghiselin, 1985, p. 4)
       New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive our world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." Chaos and disorder are perhaps the wrong terms for that indeterminate fullness and activity of the inner life. For it is organic, dynamic, full of tension and tendency. What is absent from it, except in the decisive act of creation, is determination, fixity, and commitment to one resolution or another of the whole complex of its tensions. (Ghiselin, 1952, p. 13)
       [P]sychoanalysts have principally been concerned with the content of creative products, and with explaining content in terms of the artist's infantile past. They have paid less attention to examining why the artist chooses his particular activity to express, abreact or sublimate his emotions. In short, they have not made much distinction between art and neurosis; and, since the former is one of the blessings of mankind, whereas the latter is one of the curses, it seems a pity that they should not be better differentiated....
       Psychoanalysis, being fundamentally concerned with drive and motive, might have been expected to throw more light upon what impels the creative person that in fact it has. (Storr, 1993, pp. xvii, 3)
       A number of theoretical approaches were considered. Associative theory, as developed by Mednick (1962), gained some empirical support from the apparent validity of the Remote Associates Test, which was constructed on the basis of the theory.... Koestler's (1964) bisociative theory allows more complexity to mental organization than Mednick's associative theory, and postulates "associative contexts" or "frames of reference." He proposed that normal, non-creative, thought proceeds within particular contexts or frames and that the creative act involves linking together previously unconnected frames.... Simonton (1988) has developed associative notions further and explored the mathematical consequences of chance permutation of ideas....
       Like Koestler, Gruber (1980; Gruber and Davis, 1988) has based his analysis on case studies. He has focused especially on Darwin's development of the theory of evolution. Using piagetian notions, such as assimilation and accommodation, Gruber shows how Darwin's system of ideas changed very slowly over a period of many years. "Moments of insight," in Gruber's analysis, were the culminations of slow long-term processes.... Finally, the information-processing approach, as represented by Simon (1966) and Langley et al. (1987), was considered.... [Simon] points out the importance of good problem representations, both to ensure search is in an appropriate problem space and to aid in developing heuristic evaluations of possible research directions.... The work of Langley et al. (1987) demonstrates how such search processes, realized in computer programs, can indeed discover many basic laws of science from tables of raw data.... Boden (1990a, 1994) has stressed the importance of restructuring the problem space in creative work to develop new genres and paradigms in the arts and sciences. (Gilhooly, 1996, pp. 243-244; emphasis in original)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Creativity

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